The French Approach to Modernize Its Vertical Reference

Françoise DUQUENNE, Alain COULOMB et François L'ECU, France SUMMARY IGN (French Geographical Institute or Institut national de l’information gÃ...

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Implementing Geometric and Geophysical Datums for the United States in 2022

Daniel ROMAN, U.S.A.SUMMARY Use of GNSS-accessed geospatial data has proliferated not only within the surveying community but also into many related and dependent fields of work. These requirements...

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Re-Establishment of Geodetic Networks at General Commission for Survey Saudi Arabia

SUMMARY This is a summary on the present state of geodetic activities carried out at the General Commission for Survey (GCS), Saudi Arabia. General Commission for Survey has the responsibility of d...

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Accuracy Analysis of Determination the Vertical Displacements in Unstable Reference System

SUMMARY Measurements of horizontal and vertical displacements are carried out mostly based on reference points identified as fixed. In surveying practice there may be some situations in which there...

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Sensor Fusion Integration of High-End and Low-Cost Systems for Infrastructure Monitoring and Navigation Purposes

ABTSRACT In the recent years the usage of state of the art monitoring systems marks a rapid progress especially in engineering area, for the purposes of the local administration authorities and inf...

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Managing Flood Disasters in Nigerian Cities: Issues and Strategies towards Meeting the Challenges in the Modern World.

SUMMARY Floods are among the most devastating natural disasters in the world, claiming more lives and causing more property damage than anyone would imagine. In Nigeria, though not leading in terms...

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